基于硅技术24GHz汽车雷达的微波电路 英文【2025|PDF下载-Epub版本|mobi电子书|kindle百度云盘下载】

基于硅技术24GHz汽车雷达的微波电路 英文PDF格式电子书版下载

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1 Introduction1

References4

2 Radar Systems5

2.1 Radar Principle5

2.2 Radar Equation and System Considerations6

2.3 CW and Frequency-Modulated Radar8

2.3.1 Doppler Radar8

2.3.2 Frequency-Modulated Radar9

2.3.2.1 Linear FM Continuous-Wave Radar9

2.4 Angle Detection11

2.5 Frequency Regulations12

2.6 Receiver Architectures14

2.6.1 Homodyne14

2.6.2 Heterodyne15

2.7 Status of Automotive Radar Systems16

2.8 Technology Requirements for Radar Chipset17

References17

3 CMOS and Bipolar Technologies19

3.1 CMOS Technology19

3.1.1 MOSFET Layout and Modeling Considerations20

3.1.2 Devices Available in C11N22

3.2 Bipolar Transistors23

3.2.1 HBT Layout and Modeling Considerations24

3.2.2 Devices Available in B7HF20025

3.3 Technology Comparison26

3.3.1 Transistor Performance26

3.3.2 Metallization and Passive Components29

References31

4 Modeling Techniques33

4.1 Analytical Fitting of On-Chip Inductors33

4.1.1 Series Branch Parameters Fitting36

4.1.2 Shunt Branches Parameters Fitting38

4.1.3 Results Verification40

4.2 Transistor Finger Capacitance Estimation42

References45

5 Measurement Techniques47

5.1 S-parameter De-embedding Techniques48

5.1.1 Extension of Thru Technique for De-embedding of Asymmetrical Error Networks49

5.1.1.1 Theory49

5.1.1.2 Result Verification52

5.1.2 De-embedding of Differential Devices using cascade-based Two-Port Techniques54

5.1.2.1 Theory54

5.1.2.2 Result Verification60

5.2 Differential Measurements using Baluns63

5.2.1 Theoretical Analysis64

5.2.1.1 Back-to-Back Measurement65

5.2.1.2 DUT Measurement67

5.2.1.3 Insertion Loss De-embedding Error68

5.2.2 Measurement Verification69

References74

6 Radar Receiver Circuits77

6.1 Low-Noise Amplifiers78

6.1.1 LNA in CMOS Technology78

6.1.2 LNA in SiGe:C Technoiogy83

6.1.3 Measurements of CMOS and SiGe LNAs86

6.1.4 LNA Results Summary and Comparison91

6.2 Mixers92

6.2.1 Active Mixers93

6.2.1.1 Active Mixer in CMOS Technology93

6.2.1.2 Active Mixer in SiGe Technology95

6.2.1.3 Measurements of CMOS and SiGe Active Mixers97

6.2.1.4 Active Mixers Results Summary and Comparison101

6.2.2 Passive Mixers102

6.2.2.1 Passive Resistive Ring Mixer in CMOS Technology102

6.2.2.2 Passive Bipolar Mixer in SiGe Technology105

6.2.2.3 Measurements of CMOS and SiGe Passive Mixers107

6.2.2.4 Passive Mixers Results Summary and Comparison110

6.2.3 Comparison of Active and Passive Mixers111

6.3 Single-Channel Receivers112

6.3.1 Design of Active and Passive Receivers in CMOS113

6.3.2 Receiver Measurements and Analysis113

6.3.2.1 Chip Size114

6.3.2.2 Power Consumption,Gain and Noise Figure114

6.3.2.3 Linearity116

6.3.2.4 Required LO Power118

6.3.2.5 Isolation119

6.3.2.6 Temperature Performance120

6.3.3 Receiver Results Summary and Comparison121

6.4 IQ Receivers122

6.4.1 Design of IQ Receivers122

6.4.1.1 IQ Receiver in CMOS Technology122

6.4.1.2 IQ Receiver in SiGe Technology124

6.4.2 IQ Receiver Measurements125

6.4.3 IQ Receiver Results Summary and Comparison131

6.5 Integrated Passive Circuits132

6.5.1 Circuit Design and Layout Considerations132

6.5.1.1 On-Chip 180°Power Splitter/Combiner132

6.5.1.2 On-Chip 90°Power Splitter/Combiner134

6.5.1.3 On-Chip 180°Hybrid Ring Coupler136

6.5.2 Realization and Measurement Results137

6.5.2.1 On-Chip 180°Power Splitter/Combiner137

6.5.2.2 On-Chip 90°Power Splitter/Combiner138

6.5.2.3 On-Chip 180°Hybrid Ring Coupler140

6.5.3 Results Summary and Discussion143

6.6 Circuit-Level RF ESD Protection144

6.6.1 Overview of Circuit-Level Protection Techniques145

6.6.2 Virtual Ground Concept147

6.6.2.1 Concept Verification by Circuit Simulation149

6.6.2.2 Concept Verification by HBM Measurement150

6.6.2.3 Concept Verification by TLP Measurement151

6.6.3 Transformer Protection Concept153

6.6.3.1 Test LNA Circuit Design155

6.6.3.2 Test LNA Realization and Measurement156

6.6.3.3 Concept Verification by TLP Measurement157

References158

7 Radar Transceiver Circuits165

7.1 IQ Transceiver in CMOS166

7.1.1 IQ Transceiver Circuit Design166

7.1.2 Measurements of Transceiver169

7.1.3 Results Summary and Comparison171

7.2 Merged Power-Amplifier-Mixer Transceiver173

7.2.1 System Considerations173

7.2.2 Power-Amplifier-Mixer Circuit Design174

7.2.3 PAMIX Measurements176

7.2.4 Results Summary and Comparison179

References180

8 Conclusions and Outlook181

A LFMCW Radar185

References188

B FSCW Radar189

References190

C Surface Charge Method191

C.1 Surface Charge Method Theory191

C.2 Meshing of the Multifinger Layout194

D Measurement of Active Circuits197

D.1 Measurement Techniques197

D.2 LNA Characterization200

D.2.1 S-parameter Measurement200

D.2.2 Noise Figure Measurement200

D.2.3 Linearity Measurement202

D.3 Mixer and Receiver Characterization203

D.3.1 Conversion Gain Measurement203

D.3.2 Noise Figure Measurement203

D.3.3 Linearity Measurement204

References205

Index207