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CHAPTER 1 WHERE TO START1

Part Ⅰ General Principles7

CHAPTER 2 RECEPTOR THEORY7

Agonists7

Efficacy and Potency8

Therapeutic Index9

Antagonists10

Inverse Agonists12

CHAPTER 3 ABSORPTION,DISTRIBUTION,AND CLEARANCE14

First-Pass Effect14

How Drugs Cross Membranes15

Bioavailability17

Total Body Clearance18

CHAPTER 4 PHARMACOKINETICS20

Volume of Distribution20

First-Order Kinetics21

Zero-Order Kinetics24

Steady-State Concentration25

Time Needed to Reach Steady State27

Loading Dose28

CHAPTER 5 DRUG METABOLISM AND RENAL ELIMINATION30

Liver Metabolism30

Renal Excretion31

Part Ⅱ Drugs That Affect the Autonomic Nervous System35

CHAPTER 6 REVIEW OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYTEM35

Why Include This Material?35

Relevant Anatomy36

Synthesis,Storage,Release,and Removal of Transmitters39

Receptors40

General Rules of Innervation42

CHAPTER 7 CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS45

Organization of Class45

Direct Cholinergic Agonists47

Cholinesterase Inhibitors48

CHAPTER 8 CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONISTS51

Organization of Class51

Muscarinic Antagonists51

Ganglionic Blockers54

Neuromuscular Blockers54

CHAPTER 9 ADRENERGIC AGONISTS56

Organization of Class56

Direct-Acting Agonists57

Dopamine59

Indirect-Acting Agents59

Cardiovascular Effects of Norepinephrine,Epinephrine,and Isoproterenol60

CHAPTER 10 ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS63

Organization of Class63

Central Blockers64

α-Blockers64

β-Blockers65

Mixed α-and β-Blockers68

Part Ⅲ Drugs That Affect the Cardiovascular System71

CHAPTER 11 DRUGS THAT IMPROVE CARDIAC CONTRACTILITY71

Organization of Class71

Cardiac Glycosides71

Sympathomimetics73

CHAPTER 12 ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS74

Organization of Class74

Diuretics75

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme(ACE)Inhibitors78

Angiotensin Ⅱ Receptor Antagonists79

Calcium Channel Blockers80

Nitrates81

Other Direct Vasodilators82

α-and β-Blockers83

Clonidine84

Chapter Overview85

CHAPTER 13 DRUGS USED IN HEART FAILURE85

Reduction of Cardiac Workload86

Control of Excessive Fluid86

Enhancement of Contractility86

CHAPTER 14 ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS88

Organization of Class88

Class Ⅰ Drugs(Sodium Channel Blockers)89

Class Ⅱ Drugs(β-Blockers)91

Class Ⅲ Drugs(Potassium Channel Blockers)92

Class Ⅳ Drugs(Calcium Channel Blockers)93

Other Antiarrhythmic Drugs94

Drugs That Increase Heart Rate94

CHAPTER 15 DRUGS THAT AFFECT BLOOD96

Organization of Class96

Antiplatelet Agents98

Anticoagulants99

Thrombolytic Drugs101

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors102

Drugs Used in the Treament of Anemia103

CHAPTER 16 LIPID-LOWERING DRUGS104

Organization of Class104

Additional Explanation of Mechanisms105

Part Ⅳ Drugs That Act on the Central Nervous System109

CHAPTER 17 ANXIOLYTIC AND HYPNOTIC DRUGS109

Tolerance and Dependence109

Organization of Class110

Barbiturates112

Benzodiazepines113

Buspirone116

CHAPTER 18 ANTIDEPRESSANTS AND LITHIUM117

Organization of Class117

Serotonin-Specific Reuptake Inhibitors(SSRIs)118

Heterocyclics119

Monoamine Oxidase(MAO)Inhibitors120

Other Antidepressants121

Drugs Used in Bipolar Disorder122

CHAPTER 19 ANTIPSYCHOTICS OR NEUROLEPTICS123

Organization of Class123

Typical Antipsychotics125

Serotonin-Dopamine Antagonists126

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome127

CHAPTER 20 DRUGS USED IN PARKINSON S DISEASE128

Organization of Class128

Dopamine Replacement Therapy129

Dopamine Agonist Therapy130

Anticholinergic Therapy131

CHAPTER 21 ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS132

Organization of Class132

Important Details About the Four Most Important Drugs134

Other Drugs to Consider135

CHAPTER 22 NARCOTICS(OPIATES)137

Organization of Class137

Actions of Morphine and the Other Agonists139

Distinguishing Features of Some Agonists140

Opioid Antagonists141

Opioid Agonist-Antagonists141

CHAPTER 23 GENERAL ANESTHETICS143

Organization of Class143

Uptake and Distribution of Inhalational Anesthetics144

Elimination of Inhalational Anesthetics145

Potency of General Anesthetics146

Specific Gases and Volatile Liquids146

Specific Intravenous Agents147

CHAPTER 24 LOCAL ANESTHETICS148

Organization of Class148

Mechanism of Action149

Special Features About Individual Agents150

CHAPTER 25 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMOTHERAPY153

Approach to the Antimicrobials153

Part Ⅴ Chemotherapeutic Agents153

General Principles of Therapy154

Definitions155

Important Concepts to Understand155

Classification of Antimicrobials158

CHAPTER 26 INHIBITORS OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS159

General Features159

β-Lactams160

Penicillins161

Cephalosporins163

Carbapenems164

Monobactams(Aztreonam)164

Vacomycin165

Bacitracin165

Polypeptides165

CHAPTER 27 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS167

General Features167

Aminoglycosides168

Tetracyclines170

Macrolides171

Chloramphenicol172

Clindamycin173

Mechanism of Action174

CHAPTER 28 FOLATE ANTAGONISTS174

Selected Features176

CHAPTER 29 QUINOLONES AND URINARY TRACT ANTISEPTICS177

Drugs in This Group177

Quinolones178

Methenamine179

CHAPTER 30 DRUGS USED IN TUBERCULOSIS AND LEPROSY180

Organization of Class180

Isoniazid181

Rifampin182

Pyrazinamide183

Ethambutol183

Dapsone184

CHAPTER 31 ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS185

Organization of Class185

Polyene Antifungals186

Azole Antifungals187

Terbinafine and Griseofulvin189

CHAPTER 32 ANTHELMINTIC DRUGS190

Organization of Class190

Drugs Used Against Cestodes and Trematodes191

Drugs Used Against Nematodes191

Drugs Used Against Filaria192

CHAPTER 33 ANTIVIRAL DRUGS193

Organization of Class193

Anti-HIV Drugs194

Drugs Used in Influenza195

Other Antivirals196

CHAPTER 34 ANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS197

Organization of Class197

Selected Features198

Antimalarial Agents198

Therapeutic Considerations199

Special Features200

CHAPTER 35 ANTICANCER DRUGS201

Organization of Class201

Terminology and General Principles of Therapy204

Adverse Effects206

Alkylating Agents208

Antimetabolites209

Antibiotics and Other Natural Products210

Miscellaneous Agents212

Hormonal Agents212

Immunomodulating Agents213

Cellular Growth Factors213

Part Ⅵ Drugs That Affect the Endoerine System217

CHAPTER 36 ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONES217

Organization of Class217

Glucocorticoids220

Mineralocorticoids221

Inhibitors of Adrenocorticoids Synthesis221

CHAPTER 37 SEX STEROIDS222

Organization of Class222

Estrogens224

Antiestrogens225

Progestins226

Antiprogestins226

Oral Contraceptives227

Androgens227

Antiandrogens228

Sildenafil229

CHAPTER 38 THYROID AND ANTITHYROID DRUGS230

Organization of Class230

Thyroid Replacement Therapy231

Drugs That Are Thyroid Downers231

CHAPTER 39 INSULIN,GLUCAGON,AND ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC DRUGS233

Organization of Class233

Insulins234

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents235

Part Ⅶ Miscellaneous Drugs239

CHAPTER 40 HISTAMINE AND ANTIHISTAMINES239

Organization of Class239

H1 Receptor Antagonists240

CHAPTER 41 RESPIRATORY DRUGS242

Organization of Class242

Methylxanthines243

βAgonists243

Leukotriene Modifiers244

Cholinergic Antagonists244

Cromolyn245

CHAPTER 42 DRUGS THAT AFFECT THE GI TRACT246

Organization of Class246

Drugs That Act in the Upper GI Tract246

Drugs That Act in the Lower GI Tract248

CHAPTER 43 NONNARCOTIC ANALGESICS AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS250

Organization of Class250

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs(NSAIDs)251

Salicylates,Including Aspirin253

Acetaminophen254

Gold Preparations255

Antigout Agents256

Drugs Used in the Treatment of Headaches257

Cyclosporine and Mycophenolate Mofetil258

CHAPTER 44 IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVES258

Organization of Class258

Cytotoxic Drugs259

Monoclonal Antibodies259

CHAPTER 45 DRUGS USED IN OSTEOPOROSIS260

Organization of Class260

Estrogens261

Calcitonin261

Bisphosphonates261

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators(SERMs)262

Other Agents262

CHAPTER 46 TOXICOLOGY AND POISONING263

Principles of Toxicology263

General Principles in the Treatment of Poisoning264

Specific Antidotes265

Index267