语言学基础教程【2025|PDF下载-Epub版本|mobi电子书|kindle百度云盘下载】

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Chapter 1 Language and Linguistics1

1.1 What is language?1

1.2 The design features of language3

1.3 The origin of language4

1.4 What is linguistics?5

1.5 The scope of linguistics7

1.6 A brief history of linguistics9

1.6.1 Saussure as the father of modern linguistics9

1.6.2 American structuralism10

1.6.3 Generative linguistics11

1.6.4 Functional linguistics12

Questions and Exercises13

Chapter 2 Phonetics and Phonology:The Sounds and Sound Patterns of Language14

2.1 Introduction14

2.2 Phonetics14

2.2.1 Speech organs15

2.2.2 Consonants16

2.2.3 Vowels18

2.2.4 Transcription of speech sounds20

2.3 Phonology21

2.3.1 Phoneme21

2.3.2 Phone and allophone22

2.3.3 Phonotactics23

2.3.4 Prosodic features:stress,tone and intonation25

2.3.5 Co-articulation effects26

2.4 Summary27

Questions and Exercises28

Chapter 3 Morphology:The Word Structure of Language29

3.1 Introduction29

3.2 The words of language29

3.3 The structure of words30

3.4 Morpheme,morph and allomorph31

3.5 Classification of morphemes32

3.5.1 Free morphemes and bound morphemes32

3.5.2 Roots and affixes32

3.5.3 Inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes32

3.6 Word formation processes33

3.6.1 Derivation34

3.6.2 Compounding35

3.6.3 Conversion37

3.6.4 Blending37

3.6.5 Backformation38

3.6.6 Abbreviation or shortening38

3.7 Summary39

Questions and Exercises39

Chapter 4 Syntax:The Sentence Structure of Language41

4.1 Introduction41

4.2 Sentence structure42

4.2.1 Definition of sentence42

4.2.2 The linear structure of sentence42

4.2.3 The hierarchical structure of sentence43

4.3 The traditional approach43

4.4 The structural approach45

4.4.1 Immediate constituent analysis45

4.4.2 Endocentric and exocentric constructions46

4.5 The transformational-generative approach47

4.5.1 The TG model of grammar47

4.5.2 Syntactic structure49

4.5.3 Movement56

4.6 The functional approach61

4.6.1 Functions of language61

4.6.2 Functional analysis of syntactic structure63

4.7 Summary64

Questions and Exercises65

Chapter 5 Semantics:The Meaning of Language67

5.1 Introduction67

5.2 Approaches to meaning67

5.3 Sense and reference69

5.4 Word meaning70

5.4.1 Grammatical meaning and lexical meaning70

5.4.2 Classification of lexical meaning70

5.4.3 Sense relations73

5.4.4 Semantic field77

5.5 Sentence meaning78

5.5.1 Definition of sentence meaning78

5.5.2 Semantic relations at the sentential level79

5.6 Ambiguity80

5.7 Semantic analysis81

5.7.1 Componential Analysis81

5.7.2 Predication Analysis83

Questions and Exercises85

Chapter 6 Pragmatics:The Use of Language in Context87

6.1 Introduction87

6.2 Pragmatics as a new branch of linguistics87

6.2.1 Defining pragmatics87

6.2.2 Syntax,semantics and pragmatics89

6.3 Speech Act Theory91

6.3.1 Constatives and performatives91

6.3.2 Locution,illocution,and perlocution92

6.3.3 Felicity conditions93

6.3.4 Classification of speech acts94

6.4 Theory of conversational implicature94

6.4.1 The notion of implicature94

6.4.2 Cooperative Principle and its maxims96

6.4.3 Flouting the maxims97

6.5 Politeness Principle98

6.5.1 Politeness:The principle and the maxims98

6.5.2 Clashes between the maxims99

6.6 Summary99

Questions and Exercises100

Chapter 7 Discourse Analysis:Language above the Sentence102

7.1 Introduction102

7.2 What is discourse analysis?102

7.3 Cohesion103

7.3.1 Reference103

7.3.2 Substitution105

7.3.3 Ellipsis106

7.3.4 Conjunction106

7.3.5 Lexical cohesion107

7.4 Coherence108

7.5 The structure of discourse111

7.5.1 Thematic structure and information structure111

7.5.2 The structure of conversations115

7.5.3 Patterns in written discourse117

7.6 Connections118

Questions and Exercises119

Chapter 8 Historical Linguistics:Language through Time121

8.1 Introduction121

8.2 When language changes121

8.3 How language changes123

8.3.1 Phonological change123

8.3.2 Lexical change124

8.3.3 Grammatical change127

8.4 Why language changes128

8.4.1 External causes129

8.4.2 Internal causes129

8.5 Summary129

Questions and Exercises130

Chapter 9 Stylistics:Language and Literature131

9.1 Introduction131

9.2 Important views on style131

9.2.1 Style as deviation132

9.2.2 Style as choice132

9.2.3 Style as foregrounding133

9.3 Stylistic analysis133

9.3.1 Phonological analysis133

9.3.2 Graphological analysis136

9.3.3 Lexical analysis137

9.3.4 Syntactic analysis138

9.3.5 Semantic analysis140

9.3.6 Pragmatic analysis143

Questions and Exercises148

Chapter 10 Sociolinguistics:Language and Society151

10.1 Introduction151

10.2 The relations between language and society151

10.3 Speech community and speech variety153

10.4 Dialect155

10.4.1 Regional dialect155

10.4.2 Social dialect156

10.4.3 Standard dialect159

10.5 Register159

10.6 Language contact and contact languages160

10.6.1 Lingua franca160

10.6.2 Pidgin161

10.6.3 Creole161

10.7 Choosing a code161

10.7.1 Diglossia162

10.7.2 Bilingualism162

10.7.3 Code-switching162

Questions and Exercises164

Chapter 11 Intercultural Communication:Language and Culture165

11.1 Introduction165

11.2 Definitions of culture165

11.3 The relationship between language and culture166

11.4 Naming the world through language167

11.4.1 Color terms167

11.4.2 Kinship terms168

11.4.3 Culture-loaded words169

11.5 Communicative patterns across cultures170

11.5.1 Address forms170

11.5.2 Greetings171

11.5.3 Giving and accepting compliments172

11.5.4 High context versus low context173

11.6 Language and thought:Sapir-Whorf hypothesis174

11.7 Intercultural communication176

11.7.1 Intercultural communication as a field of research176

11.7.2 Conquering obstacles in intercultural communication176

11.7.3 Value dimensions177

11.8 Summary179

Questions and Exercises179

Chapter 12 Psycholinguistics:Language and Psychology181

12.1 Introduction181

12.2 Language and the brain:The biological foundations of language181

12.2.1 Cerebral lateralization and language functions181

12.2.2 Evidence of lateralization182

12.3 Language comprehension182

12.3.1 Human information processing system182

12.3.2 The mental lexicon184

12.3.3 Sentence comprehension186

12.3.4 Discourse comprehension187

12.4 Language production189

12.5 Language acquisition191

12.5.1 First language,second language and foreign language191

12.5.2 First language acquisition192

12.5.3 Second language acquisition194

Questions and Exercises196

Chapter 13 Cognitive Linguistics:Language and Cognition198

13.1 Introduction198

13.2 Categories and categorization198

13.3 Conceptual metaphors200

13.4 Conceptual metonymies202

13.5 Image schemas203

13.6 Iconicity205

13.6.1 Iconicity of order205

13.6.2 Iconicity of distance206

13.6.3 Iconicity of complexity206

Questions and Exercises207

Chapter 14 Applied Linguistics:Language Teaching and Learning208

14.1 Introduction208

14.2 How is language learned?208

14.2.1 Behaviorism208

14.2.2 The innateness hypothesis:universal grammar209

14.2.3 Interlanguage theory210

14.2.4 The input hypothesis211

14.2.5 The output hypothesis211

14.3 Individual differences in language learning212

14.3.1 Language aptitude212

14.3.2 Learning style212

14.3.3 Motivation213

14.3.4 Anxiety214

14.3.5 Learning strategies214

14.4 Approaches and methods in foreign language teaching215

14.4.1 The Grammar-Translation Method215

14.4.2 The Direct Method216

14.4.3 The Audiolingual Method217

14.4.4 The Communicative Approach217

14.4.5 The Task-based Approach219

14.5 Language Testing219

14.5.1 Types of test220

14.5.2 Qualities of a good test221

Questions and Exercises222

References223

Glossary230